英:['dɑ:nəl]
美:['dɑnəl]
英:['dɑ:nəl]
美:['dɑnəl]
dar·nel
dar nl
“毒草”指在谷田中生长的有害杂草,起源于公元1300年的北方方言法语 darnelle; 根据一种理论,第二个元素是古法语 neelle(现代法语 nielle) “蓟”,源自拉丁语 nigella 的女性形式,意为“黑籽”,源自拉丁语 nigellus “黑色的”。
但也许这个词与中古荷兰语 verdaernt, verdarnt “昏迷的,惊呆的,愤怒的”有关,瓦隆语 darne, derne “昏迷的,迷糊的,喝醉的”,这种杂草因其众所周知的醉人品质而得名(实际上是由生长在植物上的真菌引起的); 法语中的名称为 ivraie, 源自拉丁语 ebriacus “醉的”,而植物学名称 Lolium temulentum 则源自拉丁语 temulent “醉的”,尽管有时被认为是“由于籽粒头重脚轻而倾斜”。
In some parts of continental Europe it appears the seeds of darnel have the reputation of causing intoxication in men, beasts, and birds, the effects being sometimes so violent as to produce convulsions. In Scotland the name of Sleepies, is applied to darnel, from the seeds causing narcotic effects. [Gouverneur Emerson, "The American Farmer's Encyclopedia," New York, 1860. It also mentions that "Haller speaks of them as communicating these properties to beer."]
在欧洲某些地区,毒草的种子似乎有使人、兽和鸟类醉酒的声誉,其影响有时如此剧烈,以至于会产生抽搐。在苏格兰,毒草的名称为 Sleepies,因其种子会引起麻醉效果。[Gouverneur Emerson,“The American Farmer's Encyclopedia”,纽约,1860年。它还提到“哈勒将它们描述为能够将这些特性传递给啤酒。”]
黑麦草,毒麦:种子含麻醉毒物。摄入受这种黑麦草污染的面粉,可引起眩晕、蹒跚、呕吐、视力障碍、口灼痛、虚脱
Middle English
The first known use of darnel was in the 14th century
1 Where the plump barley-grain so oft we sowed, There but wild oats and barren darnel spring; For tender violet and narcissus bright Thistle and prickly thorn uprear their heads.
2 Yet for one that honestly essayeth to sow that which he would reap, an hundred shall sow darnel and look confidently to reap fine wheat.
3 It was agreed among them that good seed had been sown, and the darnel or false wheat was by common consent and without hesitation set down as the work of an enemy.
4 The English sugared it, and the Germans salted it, and at times they even went so far as to put darnel into it, at the risk of rendering the mixture poisonous.
5 A single grain of darnel will suffice to rot a muid of wheat—a single hardened sinner will, perhaps, cause the death of us all, however innocent we be.
6 Nor darnel these, nor wolf's-tail grass infests; From core and leaf we pick the insect pests, And pick we those that eat the joints and roots:— So do we guard from harm the growing fruits.
7 But he said, 'No, lest perhaps while you gather up the darnel weeds, you root up the wheat with them.
8 Oh that our prelates would be as diligent to sow the corn of good doctrine, as Satan is to sow cockle and darnel!
9 But another question meets us here, more obscure and difficult than either the appearance or the characteristic effects of the darnel,—the question whether it is originally a specifically different plant, or only wheat degenerated.
10 I think the Duke of Burgundy will fast Before he 'll buy again at such a rate: 'Twas full of darnel: do you like the taste?
11 Who condescended graciously to touch Thing after thing, but never would take much, While he, the owner of the mansion, sate On threshed-out straw, and spelt and darnels ate.
12 And he blinked at the moon from his grinning cell, And the darnels and burdocks around Bowed down in the night, and I murmured "Well!"
13 An acidulated fermented drink of the Arabs and Egyptians, made from millet seed and various astringent substances; also, an intoxicating beverage made from hemp seed, darnel meal, and water.
14 It ears and the fruit lies soft in its sheath; It hardens and is of good quality; There is no wolf's-tail grass nor darnel.
15 Around them lay, amid beds of nettles and great dock leaves, and darnel and tangles of briars, and tall foxgloves and deadly nightshade, the broken pillars of a marble temple.
16 We know this and the Lord himself told us so: it is a net with good fish and bad fish, a field with wheat and darnel.
上主也曾亲自说:教会是一张装有好鱼和坏鱼的鱼网,也是一块长有麦子和莠子的田地。
17 I think the Duke of Burgundy will fast, Before he’ll buy again at such a rate: ’Twas full of darnel: do you like the taste?”
18 The darnel, on the contrary, cannot be distinguished from wheat until both are nearly ripe, and the process of separation, whether in the field or on the threshing-floor, is much more difficult.
19 Axel's feelings, through the loss and through his anger, were like freshly prepared soil, and whatever seed fell therein, even were it darnel and cockles, must sprout up finely.
20 The grass was rank, but it had been mown down for this occasion round the tombs of the Ironsydes, though elsewhere darnel rose knee deep and many venerable stones slanted out of it.
1 黑麦草
2 禾本科
rice panic wheat couch bamboo barley reed bent rye maize bluegrass millet oat sorghum citronella ryegrass durum spelt crabgrass einkorn teff cordgrass foxtail timothy sweetgrass switchgrass brome teosinte Kikuyu vetiver spinifex esparto melick marram phragmites emmer kaoliang spartina cocksfoot paspalum danthonia durra dropseed dogstail rooigras hare's-tail small-reed speargrass wild rice sugar cane lemon grass meadow grass hair grass wild oat Norfolk reed kangaroo grass Job's tears pampas grass canary grass sudan grass squirrel tail grass sheep's fescue Yorkshire fog elephant grass pearl millet Bermuda grass meadow fescue oat grass quaking grass vernal grass tussock grass bunch grass cheat grass wire grass
3 毒麦
4 黑麦草属