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nimble

最后更新时间: 2025-04-27 03:44:23

Middle English nemel, nymyl, nemyll "agile, quick, capable, apt," probably going back to a by-form of later Old English numul, numol, næmel (once) "quick to grasp," from num-, *nǣm-, ablaut forms of niman (class IV strong verb) "to take, get hold of" + -ol, deverbal adjective suffix; niman going back to Germanic *neman- "to take" (whence also Old Frisian nima, nema "to take, appropriate, seize," Old Saxon niman "to take [off], get, accept," Middle Dutch nemen "to take, keep," Old High German neman "to take, seize," Old Icelandic nema "to take, get," Gothic niman "to take away, receive, accept"), perhaps going back to an Indo-European verbal base *nem- "apportion, distribute," whence also Greek némō, némein "to graze, pasture (animals), have management or control of, rule, direct, distribute, apportion, assign, give," (middle voice) némomai, némesthai "to feed on, occupy, inhabit, enjoy" and perhaps as a nominal derivative Latin numerus "numerical sum or symbol, quantity, aggregate" (< *nomeso-) Note: The suffix of Old English numul, etc., is presumably the same as in swicol "deceitful" (compare swician "to deceive, cheat") and forewitol "knowing in advance" (compare witan "to know"). — The Germanic verb *neman- "to take" appears to mean the opposite of Greek némein, one of whose many senses is "to give," though the meaning usually taken to be primary is "to distribute, apportion." However, as illustrated by the multiple senses of Gothic niman, taking can also imply receiving and accepting. Hypothetically, the middle voice forms of Greek némein might be expected to mean "receive (what has been assigned or distributed)," though the attested meaning is "feed on, inhabit, enjoy," as indicated in the etymology. E. Benveniste pointed to the use of Gothic arbinumja "heir" (literally, "one receiving the inheritance," with -numja a derivative of niman) as a translation of Greek klēronómos, with the agentive element -nomos being a derivative, with o-grade ablaut, of némein (see Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes, tome 1 [Paris, 1969], pp. 81-86). A variety of other formations have been taken as derivatives of Indo-European *nem- in addition to Latin numerus: Sanskrit námaḥ "reverence, respect, respectful greeting," Avestan nəmah- "reverence, obeisance, loan" (though these are at least as likely from *nem- "bow," as in Sanskrit námati "[s/he] bends, bows"); Greek némos "grove, thicket, pasture," Latin nemus "wood, forest, sacred grove," Old Irish nemed "sacred place, sanctuary" (< "what has been apportioned, sacrifice"?); Lithuanian núoma "rent, lease," Latvian noma (nuõma). An older hypothesis, recently revived, connects Germanic *neman- with Indo-European *h1em- "take" (see redeem). G. Kroonen hypothesizes that *neman- grew out of a prefixed verb *gam-eman (in Indo-European terms *kom-h1em-e-), altered by dissimilation to *gan-eman- and then reanalyzed as *ga-neman-, with *ga- taken as the perfective prefix ga- (Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic [Brill, 2013], following a suggestion by F. Kortlandt in "The Germanic Fifth Class of Strong Verbs," NOWELE, vol. 19, no. 1 [1992], p. 104). See discussion in R. Lühr et al., Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band 6, pp. 878-81; the editors reject the Kortlandt-Kroonen hypothesis. For further derivatives of Greek némein see nomad, nomogram, nomothetic, -nomy.

The first known use of nimble was in the 14th century

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