英:[ˈsɪvl]
美:[ˈsɪvl]
英:[ˈsɪvl]
美:[ˈsɪvl]
adj.
国民的
民用的
政府的
民事的
斯文的
有礼貌的
客气的
civ·il
sI vl
civilly (adv.)
词根:civil
adj.civic 市的;公民的,市民的
civilized 文明的;有礼貌的
civilised 文明的
adv.civilly 谦恭地;依民法
n.civilization 文明;文化
civility 礼貌;礼仪;端庄
civilisation (英)文明(等于civilization)
civics 公民;公民学
v.civilized 教化;使…文明;启发(civilize的过去分词)
vi.civilize 变得文明
civilise 变成文明社会(等于civilize)
vt.civilize 使文明;教化;使开化
civilise 教化;文明化;使开化
adjective
of or relating to citizens
civil duties
of or relating to the state or its citizenry
civil strife
civilized
civil society
adequate in courtesy and politeness : mannerly It was hard to be civil when I felt so angry.
a civil question
of, relating to, or based on civil law
relating to private rights and to remedies sought by action or suit distinct from criminal proceedings
established by law
civil freedoms
of, relating to, or involving the general public, their activities, needs, or ways, or civic affairs as distinguished from special (such as military or religious) affairs
got married in a civil ceremony
of time based on the theoretical mean sun and legally recognized for use in ordinary affairs Esoteric and sometimes outlandish balloons were floated: If we're not going to worry about civil time matching solar time, for instance, why not simplify global timekeeping even more by reducing the number of global time zones from twenty-four to five?—Michelle Stacey
the civil calendar
civil law民法
civil aviation民用航空
civil engineering土木工程
civil war内战
civil society公民社会;民间团体
civil service公务员;行政部门
civil procedure民事诉讼;民事诉讼法;民事诉讼程序
civil liability民事责任
civil servant公务员;文职人员
civil administrationn. 民政
civil code[法]民事法典
civil actionn. 民事诉讼
civil construction土木建筑
civil procedure law民事诉讼法
civil case民事案件
civil aircraft民航机,民用飞机
civil right民权,民事权利
civil building[建筑]民用建筑
american civil warn. 美国内战
ministry of civil affairs民政部
这组词都有“礼貌的、客气的”的意思,其区别是:
polite普通常用词,指言论举止无论何时均严谨有礼,很有教养。
civil语气弱于polite,着重只达到社交的一般要求,避免粗鲁。
courteous指言谈举止典雅,谦恭有礼,更侧重考虑他人的感情与尊严。
以上来源于网络
14世纪晚期,“与民法或生活有关的; 涉及国家内部事务的”,源自古法语 civil “民法的,与民法有关”(13世纪),直接源自拉丁语 civilis “与社会有关的,涉及公共生活的,与市民秩序有关的,适合市民的”,因此也扩展为“受欢迎的,和蔼可亲的,有礼貌的”; 是 civis “市民”(参见 city)的另一种形容词派生形式。
“不野蛮,文明的”意思来自于1550年代。具体来说,“与世俗组织的共和国有关”(与 military 或 ecclesiastical 相对)是从1610年代开始的。 “与公民在其与共和国或同胞公民的关系中有关”也是从1610年代开始的。
The word civil has about twelve different meanings; it is applied to all manner of objects, which are perfectly disparate. As opposed to criminal, it means all law not criminal. As opposed to ecclesiastical, it means all law not ecclesiastical: as opposed to military, it means all law not military, and so on. [John Austin, "Lectures on Jurisprudence," 1873]
“civil”这个词有大约12个不同的含义; 它适用于完全不同的对象。与 criminal 相对,它意味着所有非刑法的法律。与 ecclesiastical 相对,它意味着所有非教会法的法律; 与 military 相对,它意味着所有非军事法的法律,等等。[约翰·奥斯汀,“法学讲座”,1873]
“有礼貌”的意义在古典拉丁语中存在,但英语直到16世纪晚期才注意到这个词的微妙之处,而且它的含义倾向于下降到“符合最低礼貌标准”。 “Courteous 因此更常用于上级, civil 用于下级,因为它暗示了不礼貌或粗鲁的可能性”[OED]。
Civil, literally, applies to one who fulfills the duty of a citizen; It may mean simply not rude, or observant of the external courtesies of intercourse, or quick to do and say gratifying and complimentary things. ... Courteous, literally, expresses that style of politeness which belongs to courts: a courteous man is one who is gracefully respectful in his address and manner — one who exhibits a union of dignified complaisance and kindness. The word applies to all sincere kindness and attention. [Century Dictionary, 1895]
Civil,字面上适用于履行市民职责的人; 它可能只是指不粗鲁,或者遵守交往的外部礼节,或者迅速做和说令人愉悦和恭维的事情。... Courteous,字面上表达了属于法庭礼节的那种礼貌:一个有礼貌的人在他的言谈举止中是有优雅的尊重的——一个展示了尊严的和蔼可亲和善的联合体。这个词适用于所有真诚的善意和关注。[世纪词典,1895]
Civil case(与 criminal 相对)记录于1610年代。 Civil liberty “仅受限于公共利益所必需的法律的自然自由”是在1640年代。
Middle English, from Middle French, from Latin civilis, from civis — see civic
The first known use of civil was in the 14th century
civiliannoun
a person not on active duty in the armed services or not on a police or firefighting force
civiliannoun
a person not on active duty in the armed services or not on a police or firefighting force
civiladjective
of or relating to citizens
civil liberties
of or relating to the state
civil institutions
of or relating to ordinary or government affairs rather than to those of the military or the church
polite without being friendly
gave a civil answer
relating to court action between individuals having to do with private rights rather than criminal action
a civil suit
1 They’d charge us with integration violation—I read about it in the paper all the time—they despise the whites that meet with the coloreds to help with the civil rights movement.
2 It was hard to be civil when I felt so angry.
3 There is no question that the historic civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s owed its existence to the summer of 1919, when organized black resistance to white abuse first became a reality.
4 They got married in a civil ceremony at city hall.
5 But by the way he’s pressing up against me, I know his idea of civil is not the same as mine.
6 He was very religious and a good student, and he had the kind of reputation that allowed the family to persuade civil rights leaders to push for an investigation into his death.
7 The bomber seemed to be attacking legal professionals connected to civil rights.
8 The Fowls had held on to Fowl Manor over the years, surviving war, civil unrest, and several tax audits.
9 There is a fundamental disconnect today between the world of civil rights advocacy and the reality facing those trapped in the new racial undercaste.
10 Citizens'communication freedom and secrecy of communication is a civil right that our constitution gives us.
通信自由和通信秘密不受非法侵犯,是宪法赋予我们公民的基本权利.
11 Cooperation and communication broke down, and civil unrest caused fragile peacekeeping to crumble.
12 The Channel Tunnel project is the biggest civil engineering project in Europe.
英吉利海峡隧道是欧洲最大的土木工程。
13 “Your abdication has become necessary to save Germany from civil war.”
14 “Then you’ll spend the night in jail for vagrancy and threatening behavior. We’ll let you on your way in the morning if you’ve learned to keep a civil tongue in your head.”
15 Then, feeling her answer was too civil under the circumstances, she added, “Mercurochrome’s no good at all for that.”
16 Later they began to focus their efforts on what they regarded as the most crucial civil rights issue—securing the right of black citizens to vote.
17 He characteristically decided to stand on principle in a major civil rights case.
18 The years of civil war have dehumanized all of us.
多年的内战已经使我们大家丧失了人性。
19 It was in the context of this spirit of activism by Indians, Coloureds, and Africans that Walter Sisulu first broached the idea to a small group of us of a national civil disobedience campaign.
20 It is important now to remember that the early leaders of the northern civil rights movement were from the South.
1 公民的
3 公众的
4 国民的
6 有教养
couth informed polite educated cultured patrician courtly true-bred cultivate refined civilized cultivated well-bred sophistication refinement
7 有教养的
couth informed polite educated cultured patrician courtly true-bred refined civilized cultivated well-bred
8 城市的
9 世俗
secular temporal mundane worldly profane worldliness lay world subcelestial earthly earthy terrestrial sensual carnal fleshly earthborn laical civilly
10 民用的
12 有礼貌
polite civilized gentlemanly mannerly nicely courteously civilly graciousness couth courteous courtly urbane obliging well-bred house-train well mannered good refined gracious repeatable behave proper gentle respectful agreeable presentable well-behaved genteel well-mannered housebroken decorous gently prettily urbanize decent polished attentive properly fairly fair chivalrous courtlike politely gentilesse
13 国内的
home internal domestic inland intestine in-country national native interior municipal intranational
14 世俗的
secular temporal mundane worldly profane lay subcelestial earthly earthy terrestrial sensual carnal fleshly earthborn laical
15 彬彬有礼的
proper well-behaved genteel urbane chivalrous fair courteous
18 一般市民
19 城邦
20 凡俗的
23 凡俗
24 非军事的
26 政府的
28 国内
national internal domestic home native interior intestine inland municipal in-country intranational
30 有礼貌的
polite courteous attentive mannerly seemly decorous couth civilized gentlemanly courtly urbane obliging well-bred well mannered good refined gracious well-behaved well-mannered civilizing proper gentle respectful agreeable presentable genteel housebroken decent polished fair chivalrous courtlike
31 文明
civilization enlightenment civilize culture civilized christian enlighten couth civility kultur
32 礼貌的
33 公民
civic people national citizen commonwealth civilian freeman citizenry burgess cit civilness polity burgher
35 文职的
37 平民
baseborn civilian mob commons populace commoner plebeian pleb noncombatant commonalty civvy common vulgar non-military people citizen mister canaille commonage the populace the people the masses public mwananchi non-combatant little people the man and woman in the street the man in the street the man or woman in the street popular mass private democratic homespun plebby simple commune commonality snob plebe plebs vulgus gownsman roturier
38 民事的
39 平民的
baseborn common civilian vulgar non-military civvy plebeian public popular private democratic homespun plebby
41 非宗教的
42 客气
civilly civility polite courteous mannerly unobtrusive politely unobtrusively politesse fair spoken keep distance
44 文官
46 城市