英:[ˈkrɒnɪk]
美:[ˈkrɑːnɪk]
英:[ˈkrɒnɪk]
美:[ˈkrɑːnɪk]
chron·ic
kra nihk
chronically (adv.)
词根:chronic
adv.chronically 长期地;慢性地;习惯性地
adjective
continuing or occurring again and again for a long time chronic illness chronic experiments see also chronic disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease
chronic pain
being, providing, or requiring long-term medical care (as for a chronic disease) the special needs of chronic patients
chronic medical care
always present or encounteredespecially: constantly vexing, weakening, or troubling … chronic meddling in one another's domestic affairs … —Amatzia Baram
chronic petty warfare
being such habitually
a chronic grumbler
chronic disease[医]慢性病
chronic renal failure慢性肾功能衰竭;慢性肾衰竭
chronic bronchitis慢性支气管炎
chronic gastritis慢性胃炎
chronic cough慢性咳嗽,久咳(嗽)
chronic fatigue syndrome慢性疲劳综合征;慢性疲劳症候群
chronic atrophic gastritis[医]慢性萎缩性胃炎
chronic pharyngitis[医]慢性咽炎
chronic stress慢性压力;慢性应激;长期不断的压力
chronic pancreatitis慢性胰炎,慢性胰腺炎
chronic cervicitis[医]慢性宫颈炎
chronic infection慢性感染;慢性传染
chronic toxicity慢性毒性;慢性中毒
chronic exposure慢性暴露;持续辐照
chronic alcoholism[医]慢性醇中毒
chronic appendicitisn. 慢性阑尾炎
chronic myeloid leukemia慢性骨髓白血病;慢性粒细胞白血病
chronic tonsillitis慢性扁桃体炎
chronic depression慢性萧条;[医]慢性抑郁
chronic renal insufficiency慢性肾功能不全
15世纪初, cronik,用于描述疾病,意为“持续很长时间”,源自古法语 chronique,直接源自拉丁语 chronicus,来自希腊语 khronikos,意为“关于时间的”,源自 khronos “时间”(参见 chrono-)。17世纪以来,由于与疾病和后来的瘾症有关,产生了模糊的贬义意义。在英语中,字面意义上的“与时间有关”的用法很少见。作为一个流行的俚语,用于指代“大麻”,从1992年开始流行,这一用法源自说唱歌手 Dr. Dre 发布的专辑《The Chronic》; 据说是因为它形容了特别强效的大麻,暗指“极端、严重”。相关词汇: Chronical; chronically。
慢性的:持续长时间的
慢性
水生生物慢性毒性试验
toxicity test for organism 测定低浓度污染物对水生生物整个生命周期的毒性作用,用以评价污染物毒性的试验方法。
borrowed from French chronique, going back to Middle French, borrowed from Late Latin chronicus, going back to Latin, "written in the form of annals," borrowed from Greek chronikós "of time, temporal, in order by time," from chrónos "time" + -ikos -ic >entry 1 — more at chrono- Note: Latin chronicus was used by medical writers (as Caelius Aurelianus, ca. early 5th century a.d.) to translate Greek chrónios "occurring again and again," used by Greek medical writers, though Greek chronikós, the source of chronicus, lacks this sense.
The first known use of chronic was in 1601
chronicle1 of 2noun
an account of events in the order of their happening : history
chronicle2 of 2verb
to present a record of in or as if in a chronicle
chronicle the major events of last year
chronicle1 of 2noun
an account of events in the order of their happening : history
chronicle2 of 2verb
to present a record of in or as if in a chronicle
chronicle the major events of last year
chronicadjective
continuing or occurring again and again for a long time
a chronic disease
habitual sense 2
a chronic complainer
chronicadjective
continuing or occurring again and again for a long time
a chronic disease
habitual sense 2
a chronic complainer
chronic1 of 2adjective
marked by long duration, by frequent recurrence over a long time, and often by slowly progressing seriousness : not acute Her symptoms became chronic. see also chronic disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy
chronic indigestion
being, providing, or requiring long-term medical care (as for a chronic disease) chronic treatment with antidiabetic medication
chronic care facilities
having a slow progressive course of indefinite duration chronic arthritis chronic tuberculosis compare acute sense 2b(1)
chronic heart disease
infected with a disease-causing agent (as a virus) and remaining infectious over a long period of time but not necessarily expressing symptoms
chronic carriers of hepatitis B
chronic2 of 2noun
one that suffers from a chronic disease
1 Because these small amounts of pesticides are cumulatively stored and only slowly excreted, the threat of chronic poisoning and degenerative changes of the liver and other organs is very real.
2 What happens when chronic complainers receive over validation?
当习惯性抱怨的人接受过度确认时会发生什么?
3 The report said the work of the pipeline agency was hampered by a chronic inspector shortage.
该报告称,由于长期的检查员短缺,该管道机构的工作受到了阻碍。
4 “What about mental conditions: feeble-mindedness, insanity, psychopathic personality, epilepsy, narcotic drug addiction, chronic alcoholism?”
5 Anyone who does not believe that smoking is an addiction has never been a chronic smoker.
不相信抽烟能上瘾的人肯定不是老烟民。
6 For a time, she made daily visits to the slums as part of a frenzied charitable activity, which gave her chronic bronchitis and brought no peace to her tormented soul.
7 They were originally concocted by Chandresh on a whim, brought about by a combination of chronic insomnia and keeping theatrical hours, along with an innate dislike of proper dinner-party etiquette.
8 The illness frequently coexists with other chronic diseases.
这种病往往与其他慢性病同时存在。
9 Their prison hospital X-ray machines were in a decrepit state, and there was a chronic shortage of even first-line antibiotics.
10 In the early 1900s Pierre Curie began to experience clear signs of radiation sickness–notably dull aches in his bones and chronic feelings of malaise–which doubtless would have progressed unpleasantly.
11 Chronic venous insufficiency ( CVI ) is a common disease in vascular surgery, and the incidence rate is high.
下肢慢性静脉功能不全是血管外科的常见疾病, 发病率高,其病因及发病机制尚未完全阐明.
12 New programs to treat cancer and other chronic diseases are growing.
13 Secondly, the thesis analyzed the most outstanding and chronic elements of the exchange rate falling.
第二, 分析影响汇率下跌的最为显著及长期的因素.
14 Perhaps my chronic anxiety kept my weight down.
15 They interpreted their slapdash working conditions, created by chronic underfunding by the AEC, as an ominous sign that the agency’s commitment to Livermore remained conditional.
16 The onset of his chronic migraine headache had also incapacitated him for much of May.
17 Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.
并不是每个人都经历着阿尔瓦雷斯所描述的那种严重的慢性压力。
18 The film was just chronic.
这部电影简直糟透了。
19 Don't bother seeing that film—it's chronic.
20 In Cordoba Province in Argentina, however, chronic arsenic poisoning, accompanied by arsenical skin cancers, is endemic because of the contamination of drinking water derived from rock formations containing arsenic.
3 严重
bad grand sore wicked weighty grievous high hard major deep serious critical severe crucial terrible gross grave deadly acute nasty uncanny momentous uptight unusually severity
4 恶劣的
criminal dirty gross nasty foul rugged wicked vicious greasy vile lowering wretched despicable ill beastly miscreant execrable louring
6 强烈
strong hot massive intense generous stiff fierce vivid exquisite furious hard billy-o strength intensity exasperate intensify full deep heavy acid sharp violent keen burning intensive bitter glorious lively fervent ravenous fervid flaming violence
7 强烈的
strong hot massive intense generous stiff fierce vivid exquisite furious billy-o full deep heavy acid sharp violent keen burning intensive bitter glorious lively fervent ravenous fervid flaming
8 习惯
standard used usual automatic conventional accepted wont customary confirmed inveterate wonted practice custom institution trick habit groove habitude use condition harden accustom do's and don't frequent accustomed habitual assuetude way law rule manner usage observance attunement habituation manners convenance consuetude acclimatise season train habituate get the feel of get used to
9 经常
regular constant steady overhead still often constantly regularity make a practice of doing often and often
11 不断
constant endless hourly continual incessant unending unceasing away ever forever cease keep gnaw all the time on end end on perpetual nonstop everlasting uninterrupted never-ending unremitting still always steadily ceaseless
12 反复出现的
13 严重的
bad grand sore wicked weighty grievous major serious critical extreme severe acute nasty mortal solemn high hard deep crucial terrible gross grave deadly uncanny momentous uptight
14 剧烈
high big severe sharp violent acute exquisite fell splitting excruciating grievous cutthroat acrimonious bitter severely sharply bitterly smartly felly sharpness acuity sharpen
15 惯常的
16 痼疾
17 难以治愈的
19 长期
permanent long-lived long in the long term long-term prolonged perennial long-running chronically secular year till all is blue of long duration long-distance long-dated aeon for the duration for ever long-lasting long-range far standing perpetual eternally longtime extended longitudinal long-period long-drawn-out siege long-pull enduringly long time long term
21 根深蒂固的
strong profound confirmed ingrain deep-seated deep-rooted inveterate sediment root dyed in the wool
23 极坏的
terrible awful shocking rotten vile lousy wretched disgraceful abysmal ghastly villainous frightful flagrant stinking fiendish god-awful damnable execrable arch-
26 积习难改的
27 糟透
sad rubbish crying rotten flipping atrocious abysmal deplorable ghastly god-awful godawful deplorably like shit
28 剧烈的
high big severe sharp violent acute exquisite fell splitting excruciating grievous cutthroat acrimonious
29 恶劣
criminal dirty gross nasty foul rugged wicked vicious greasy vile lowering wretched despicable ill beastly miscreant execrable louring badly illy base badness
30 极坏
terrible awful shocking rotten vile lousy wretched disgraceful abysmal ghastly villainous frightful flagrant stinking fiendish god-awful damnable execrable rottenly arch-
31 惯常
32 慢性的
34 习惯的
standard used usual automatic conventional accepted wont customary confirmed inveterate wonted frequent accustomed habitual
35 拙劣的
36 很不好
37 很糟糕
38 连续不断的
40 讨厌
bally unsonsy ill-favored mean Nice evil terrible unlikely offensive painful horrible ugly unwanted foul fierce unpleasant disgusting rotten cumbersome hairy filthy troublesome pesky lousy hateful obnoxious tacky unfavorable wretched objectionable horrid cursed bothersome tiresome nauseous rancid repulsive hellish ungrateful abominable frightful ruddy accursed carrion unsavory yucky mothering loathsome insufferable detestable doggone unwholesome bawdy pissy elvish confounded motherfucking unlovely mawkish noisome pestilential unpleasing pestilent importunate cumbrous pestiferous perishing sodding dratted stinko plaguey loathly hateable snuffy disgustful lumbersome loathful plaguesome naffing cotton-picking sour bother bugger botheration dislike deformity damnation disrelish afraid object cringe scunner bar have no time for get knotted be sour on no deal not very nice
41 讨厌的
bally unsonsy ill-favored mean Nice evil terrible unlikely offensive painful horrible ugly unwanted foul fierce unpleasant disgusting rotten cumbersome hairy filthy troublesome pesky lousy hateful obnoxious tacky unfavorable wretched objectionable horrid cursed bothersome tiresome nauseous rancid repulsive hellish ungrateful abominable frightful ruddy accursed carrion unsavory yucky mothering loathsome insufferable detestable doggone unwholesome bawdy pissy elvish confounded motherfucking unlovely mawkish noisome pestilential unpleasing pestilent importunate cumbrous pestiferous perishing sodding dratted stinko plaguey loathly hateable snuffy disgustful lumbersome loathful plaguesome naffing cotton-picking sour not very nice
43 长期的
permanent long-lived long long-term secular perennial long-drawn long-dated age-long macro- prolonged long-running till all is blue of long duration long-distance long-lasting long-range standing perpetual longtime extended longitudinal long-period long-drawn-out long-pull long time long term
44 很糟的